does mountain dew zero sugar raise blood sugar

You can still enjoy all the flavor without the added sugar. Carbonated water; High fructose corn syrup; Natural juice concentrate; Caffeine; Sodium benzoate; High fructose corn syrup is an inexpensive cane sugar substitute that was introduced in the 70s, according to the National Institutes of Health.Beverages containing this kind of syrup are a common source of excess calories, and therefore weight gain, per the . Its important to keep track of how much youre consuming, and be sure to not exceed the recommended daily amount of caffeine. The caffeine in Mountain Dew Zero can have an adverse effect on your weight. If youre drinking sugar-sweetened drinks, its OK to have a diet or zero-sugar alternative instead, but you may want to cut back on these eventually. Mountain Dew has high caffeine content, even when compared to Coca Cola and other soft drinks. 3. "caffeine withdrawal headache" is what you have had - and I bet it hurt! This drink has 0 g sugar, making it the best drink for people with diabetes. Yet studies arent clear. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. You can have more of the zesty flavor with none of the sugar or carbs by adding a spoonful of finely grated ginger to a glass of . Scientists have proposed that other behaviors that go along with drinking diet soda (namely overeating and lack of exercise) are to blame for weight gain, insulin resistance, and diabetes. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. If youre looking to reduce your risk of heart disease, its best to steer clear of Mountain Dew Zero and opt for healthier options. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3576, Ruanpeng D, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Harindhanavudhi T. Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages linked to obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 10. Gain weight by going diet? Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings. The sugar substitutes used in the beverage can have a detrimental effect on your health, especially if consumed in excess. The risks associated with Mountain Dew Zero are minimal. That's it!! Yet, at the same time, theres been a cultural shift away from restrictive dieting, and the word diet itself needs a rebrand. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. The food dyes used to give the beverage its color are made from petroleum, and they can have an adverse effect on your heart health. At the same time, being dehydrated is a common side effect of diabetes. How Much Sugar Should People With Diabetes Have Per Day? How Much Sugar is in a Can of Mountain Dew? It has 0 calories, so you can drink it without worries when on a weight-loss diet. I suspect the small amount of concentrated orange juice in the original formula accounts for this. I found that walmart brand Great Value, lemon/lime diet soda and the ginger ale are good. According to a research published in the Journal of Toxicology, drinking 2 - 4 liters of bromine-containing soda per day was associated . Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. While Mountain Dew Zero does not contain any sugar, it is still important to be aware of its potential effects on blood sugar levels. Bubly is a line of zero-calorie, zero-carb, zero sugar sparkling waters that come in 13 uniquely different fruity flavors. I'd drink a can then test in 1 hr and 2 hrs, to see what it's doing to your blood glucose. Even at one of the smallest serving sizes available, that is still more than enough of the daily limit. You can follow Samantha's practical balanced eating advice on Instagram at@nutritionistsam. The sugar in Mountain Dew is primarily high-fructose corn syrup, a processed and cheaper alternative to sugar. To stop soda cravings, add a splash of fruit juice to some carbonated water, or grab some unsweetened tea. Phosphoric acid can interfere with the bodys ability to properly process glucose and can make it more difficult to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. It's related to your blood sugar levels and how hard your kidneys are working to manage fluids in the body as a result of higher blood glucose. This is a great place to discover new keto foods and learn from other ketoers' meals! Lohner S, et al. Wait, whats going on here? Mountain Dew Zero contains several sugar substitutes, or artificial sweeteners, such as acesulfame potassium, aspartame, and sucralose. Natalie Butler, RD, LD Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. Drinking a reasonable amount of diet soda a day, such as a can or two, isn't likely to hurt you. 2017;18:1. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, juice, artificially-sweetened soda and bottled water: An australian population study. It's possible it could cause some hormonal changes in some people which could affect BG. Try also supplementing your intake with plenty of water and other healthy beverages. Do you think it would be ok for me to still drink the diet soda but maybe limit it or does it really matter? The perfect tummy control bodysuit, a popcorn gadget, more bestsellers starting at $8. Instead, I slammed down a glass of each while playing Death Stranding and as a snow plow added to the grey pile of slush in front of my driveway. Multi-Targeted Mechanisms Underlying the Endothelial Protective Effects of the Diabetic-Safe Sweetener Erythritol. Looks good! Mountain Dew Zero is a great option for those who are looking for a refreshing and tasty beverage that wont have any adverse effects on their health. Does soy really affect breast cancer risk? I don't think anyone really knows the long term side effects of the stuff. Its sugar-free, calorie-free, and caffeine-free, which makes it a great choice for those looking to make healthier choices. If you are looking to maintain or lose weight, it is best to limit your consumption of Mountain Dew Zero and focus on healthier alternatives. Water is the best fluid to drink whether you have diabetes or not. IE 11 is not supported. Artificial Sweeteners and Type 2 Diabetes, Different Drink Options for When You Have IBS, Sugar and Gout: An Inflammatory Combination. Can Drinking Mountain Dew Really Make Your Poop Green? Check out "Stevia or Monk . Mountain Dew Zero is an appealing drink with its low sugar content, but it is not without risks. Answer (1 of 6): Definitely. The Worst. While the amount of caffeine in Mountain Dew Zero is lower than the original version, it is still wise to limit your intake of caffeine to avoid any potential health risks. The sweeteners used are generally deemed to be safe, however, they can be over-consumed and can lead to adverse health effects. One 12-ounce can of Mountain Dew contains 54 grams of sugar which is equivalent to about 13 teaspoons. However, it should be noted that while the artificial sweeteners may not raise the sugar level in the blood, the caffeine inside it may do so. Some types of diet soda are even fortified with vitamins and minerals. 2018;8:914. The thing with diet soda is if you drink to much it can retain weight. And instead of sugar, the new drink will be . They also cause blood sugar levels to spike when a person eats carbohydrates, increasing waist circumference and body fat. This shows a long-term link between consuming diet soda and developing belly fat. Staying hydrated is especially important with diabetes, so make sure that you're drinking enough. Whether for weight loss or to just get healthier, IFICs 2021 Annual Food and Health Surveyrevealed that 40% of people between the ages of 18 and 80 said they were following a prescribed diet in 2021. Johnson EC, Bardis CN, Jansen LT, Adams JD, Kirkland TW, Kavouras SA. This will estimate around 10 teaspoons of sugar. You must log in or register to reply here. Its also helpful to pair your sugar reduction plan with other strategies. Calorie count. Soda and sweet tea might seem like obvious culprits, but other drinks can pack a sugary punch as well. Its a great way to reduce calories without sacrificing the taste and experience of drinking a soda. Sodium benzoate is one of the many food additives used in sodas such as Mountain Dew. Another benefit of drinking Mountain Dew Zero is that it has zero calories. So, when Mountain Dew Zero was first released, many people with diabetes were worried that it would raise their blood sugar levels. Another cocktail made with vodka and Mountain Dew is the Mountain Cider High. If you find yourself so thirsty that you are regularly drinking more water than recommended, or you feel your thirst is unquenchable, bring this to your healthcare provider's attention. With it being sugar free, it shouldn't, but the only way you will know for sure is to test. Mountain Dew Zero Sugar is a modified version of the Original formula, containing zero sugar but retaining the same citrus taste and yellow-green color as the . The BPA toxin in Mountain Dew can also cause obesity, too! Essentially, soda and other sugar-added beverages can quickly spike blood sugar levels, as the carbohydrates are readily available for digestion and not slowed down by fiber, fat, or protein. You are using an out of date browser. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could rez-art/Getty Images. Here's a look at the best cocktail ratio: vodka and Mountain Dew. This app provides access to expert content on type 2 diabetes, as well as peer support through one-on-one conversations and live group discussions. When it comes to caffeine, moderation is key. Boesten, D. M. P. H. J., Berger, A., de Cock, P., Dong, H., Hammock, B. D., den Hartog, G. J. M., & Bast, A. Reminds me of when I when I decided to stop drinking coffee. https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/foodadditivesingredients/ucm397716.htm. The caffeine in Mountain Dew Zero can have an adverse effect on your weight. Healthier low-calorie choices abound, including water, skim milk, and unsweetened tea or coffee. Mountain Dew has the same amount of caffeine as Coca-Cola or Pepsi and has vitamins B and . By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. A more immediate unpleasant effect of consuming sugar alcohols a type of low-calorie sugar substitute is gas, bloating and diarrhea. Zeratsky KA (expert opinion). Advertisement. It makes theoretical sense that replacing a higher calorie food or drink with a lower calorie one would help with weight management. A growing body of evidence suggests that diet soda consumption correlates with an increased risk of a wide range of medical conditions, notably: heart conditions, such as heart attack and high . Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? But diet soda isn't a health drink or a silver bullet for weight loss. For these reasons, it may, Risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes include being overweight and having high blood sugar levels. Al Disi SS, Anwar MA, Eid AH. Consider drinking juices including: These veggie-based blends can be a good option, so long as they're nutrient-rich without any hidden fruit or added sugar. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Pepsi, Mountain Dew, cranberry juice cocktail, and hundreds of other sugar-sweetened beverages may be heaven on the taste buds, but drinking them daily doesn't do your body any favors. Spark is a Mountain Dew flavor released exclusively in Speedway gas stations in the summertime in 2020 and 2021 for a limited time before being released as a nonexclusive permanent flavor nationwide in 2022 alongside its Zero Sugar variant in the United States. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Ian Richardson. For more information, please see our The three artificial sweeteners primarily used in soft drinks and diet sodas are stevia, sucralose and aspartame. Sucralose may raise blood sugar and insulin levels in people who don't consume artificial sweeteners regularly. Diet soda intake is associated with long-term increases in waist circumference in a biethnic cohort of older adults: The San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging [Abstract]. Purchased Price: $2.68. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health A., Michos, E. D., Jacobs, D. R. (2009, April). The question of Mountain Dew Zero Sugar isnt how it compares to regular Mountain Dew, but how it stands next to Diet Dew. This means that you can enjoy the same great taste without gaining any unwanted weight. Per 12-oz can: 0 calories, 0 mg sodium, 0 g carbs (0 g sugar) Forget your cherry cola, and opt for this sugar-free soda instead. This is from an admitted diet dew addict! However, a new study has found that Mountain Dew Zero does not raise blood sugar levels. It also has Yellow 5, which may cause hyperactivity in some children. With the rise in the popularity of diet soda comes a matching increase in the use of alternative sweeteners. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. If people want to go down food purity rabbit holes for their own personal reasons, that's fine and great, best wishes to you. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), SPOTTED: Hostess Limited Edition Iced Lemon CupCakes, SPOTTED: Coca-Cola Creations Limited Edition Move, REVIEW: Monster Energy Ultra Strawberry Dreams, BACK ON SHELVES: Lay's Cheesy Garlic Bread Potato Chips (2023), REVIEW: Brach's Desserts of the World Jelly Beans, REVIEW: Ben & Jerry's Churray for Churros! Its best to limit your intake of these substances, or steer clear of them altogether. Imamura, F., OConnor, L., Ye, Z., Mursu, J., Hayashino, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Forouhi, N. G. (2015, July 21). Interestingly, men and healthy-weight individuals didnt have the same reactions, so it may be that certain populations are more susceptible to the unfavorable effects of these substances. It will help you to know more about avoiding dehydration while choosing drinks that keep your blood sugar levels stable and your diabetes well managed. The flaw here is that no one actually sips Mountain Dew. A study conducted in 2004 indicated . Zero- or low-calorie sugar alternatives are often hundreds to thousands of times sweeter than ordinary sugar, but they dont raise your blood sugar levels. So, if you're worried about drinking Mountain . Adv Nutr. Its important to be aware of these risks if youre considering drinking it on a regular basis. Drinking Mountain Dew Zero is a great way to enjoy a sugar-free, refreshing beverage without worrying about raising your blood sugar levels. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. Artificial sweeteners also alter brain function after meals, which can increase carbohydrate and sugar cravings later. It is still important to check with your doctor before consuming large amounts of Mountain Dew Zero to make sure it is safe for you. Antioxidants. Several of the ingredients, such as caffeine and sugar substitutes, can have an adverse effect on your heart health. Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Essentially, soda and other sugar-added beverages can quickly spike blood sugar levels, as the carbohydrates are readily available for digestion and not slowed down by fiber, fat, or protein. Taco Bell has a Mountain Dew Baja Blast Zero Sugar drink, which some have said tastes just as good as the original. Additionally, when it is very hot or you are exercising, you may need more fluid. (2010, June). Does Powerade Zero Raise Blood Sugar . Yang, Q. Its fine. . Dehydration is a common side effect for people living with diabetes. No amount of caffeine affects my blood sugar, and I've tested the limits by combining caffeinated soda, energy drinks, and coffee in one day. . This forces the kidneys to work extra hard and increases the amount of urine produced and how often you need to urinate (pee). 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. (2010, November). In a press statement unveiling the drink, PepsiCo, the brand's parent company, stated that the flavor of the beverage would stay the same, despite the absence of sugar. Aug 25, 2012. Stacey Hugues, RD is a registered dietitian and nutrition coach who works as a neonatal dietitian at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. MD Zero is sweetened with aspartame, Ace-K, and sucralose and has more caffeine than Diet Mountain Dew and originalMountain Dew. In a cup of Mountain Dew, one cup of vodka should be used to make 1.5 ounces of vodka. The consumption of Mountain Dew can leave you with tooth sensitivity and a painful sensation when chewing or drinking. Sucralosemayraise blood sugarand insulinlevelsin people who don't consume artificial sweeteners regularly. Ginger Ale. It's one of the few things from my old ways of eating I get to enjoy! These sweeteners can be tricky because they taste sweet but have no calories. Check the label on the bottle or, for an even better option, make your own at home. When managing diabetes, water should be the drink of choice but there are healthy alternatives. Not only does it contain aspartame, ace-K, and sucralose, but it also . In terms of caffeine content in the soda category, Pepsi Zero Sugar takes the lead with 115 mg of caffeine/20 oz., followed by Mountain Dew (either diet or regular) with 91 mg/20 oz. So the label is correct, it is sugar free. It's sweetened with stevia, a natural, keto-friendly sweetener that does not increase blood sugar. Mt Dew contains a large amount of caffeine. In fact, it has the same effect on blood sugar as the original Mountain Dew. Diabetes is a serious health condition, and consuming Mountain Dew Zero could possibly increase your risk for developing it. 2. Low . PepsiCo has released Mountain Dew Zero Sugar, a new formulation with 0 calories and 0 sugar. But stress, illness, lack of sleep and skipping meals do raise my bgs. Click here for an email preview. Additives in Mountain Dew impair brain function. A study posted in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at the long-term effects of diet soda on waist size, an indicator of visceral or belly fat. I have never had an issue with it ever. Rating: 9 out of 10 You can do that! Best food forward: Are algae the future of sustainable nutrition? Add a splash of fruit juice, such as lime, lemon, or grapefruit, for that sweet kick. Does Mountain Dew Zero Sugar Have Caffeine? Accessed July 3, 2018. and Diet Coke (76 mg/20 oz.). I had been drinking 8 cups a day, which was too much for me. The soda will be called Mtn Dew Zero Sugar and will be available in 20-ounce bottles, 2-liter bottles and 12 packs of 12-ounce cans. Soda Aim to limit your consumption of these artificial sweeteners and look for natural alternatives instead. I live in Japan and cant get the vast majority of what is seen and reviewed here, but I so enjoy whats written. Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. In fact, it is often considered to be a healthier alternative to traditional Mountain Dew, as it does not contain any sugar and is low in calories. While sugary sodas can contribute to diabetes, are their diet or low-sugar alternatives less harmful? How do diet sodas link to diabetes if they do not contain sugar? I take a sip of each, being sure to aspirate the beverage and thereby allowing the aerosolized droplets to fully coat my palate. That may make it helpful when you're hypoglycemic and your blood sugar is low, but fast-acting fruit juice isn't helpful on a day-to-day basis. Dew Zero Sugar SUCKS!!!!! Its also important to note that Mountain Dew Zero contains other ingredients that can be potentially harmful. Studies have shown that drinking Mountain Dew Zero does not significantly raise blood sugar levels. But when you're managing diabetes, you need to be selective about the beverages you choose, avoiding those that cause your blood sugar to spike. But please, don't go around foisting your personal opinions as group speak for "keto" as a whole. It may even help you to satisfy a craving so that you can stay on your healthy beverage plan in the long term. 2018;7(4):56. doi:10.3390/antiox7040056. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. A 20-ounce bottle can have 60 grams of carbs. Replaced Diet Code Red in 2022. I am curious if any other Mtn Dew enjoyers out there have ran into health problems, or can recommend some Mtn Dew diabetes friendly options/alternatives? Mountain Dew Zero is a sugar-free version of the popular soft drink. Sugar-sweetened soda and other sugary drinks are also major contributors to obesity. I think it even has a lowering affect for me. By comparison a same-sized bottle of an ordinary cola drink might have a mere 55 milligrams of caffeine. It is many times sweeter than sugar yet has virtually zero calories. The claim: Mountain Dew for years included a dangerous chemical . Caffeine can be addictive and may result in dehydration if not consumed in moderation. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. They are saccharin, acesulfame, aspartame, neotame, and sucralose. In determining safety, the FDA reviews data on outcomes such as reproductive health, cancer risk, and potential toxic effects to your nervous system. Additional nasty ingredients in diet Mountain Dew are potassium and sodium benzoate. Controlling body weight is an important step in managing or avoiding type 2 diabetes. It's low in fiber, so it delivers quick carbohydrates that can also elevate blood sugar. However, if you are going to do the Dew, there's one big reason you should consider skipping the diet Dew. Diet Mountain Dew has an outstanding flavor that, to put it simply, stays on the palate for longer. other information we have about you. It has the potential to induce memory loss! We looked at several assorted brands of sodas and found that Mountain Dew Zero Sugar contains the most caffeine. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). It doesn't raise blood sugar. It's recommended that people with diabetes drink moderatelythat means no more than two drinks per day for men, one for womenif at all. Diabetes is a condition in which sugar levels are out of, Many people drink diet soda as a low or zero calorie alternative to regular soda. Mountain Dew's Major Melon in regular and zero sugar beverages is available in 20-ounce bottles, 2-liter bottles, 12-packs of 12 oz. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Healthline: Medical information and health advice you can trust. Stevia, monk fruit, and erythritol are suitable natural sweeteners for people with diabetes and people following a ketogenic diet. With all of the sugar included in Mountain Dew, it is possible to develop a variety of health concerns such as heart disease, high blood sugar, and diabetes! Pros: The Pepsi Zero Sugar has 69 mg caffeine which isn't that much, but it is much more than the regular Pepsi Drink and many other drinks. This got me through some good soda cravings this last couple of weeks. Although the specific reason is unknown, caffeine is thought to negatively affect a person's fertility. Not only does this syrup spike your blood sugar faster, making you feel unwell and damaging your health, but it also has induced metabolic problems and brain signaling changes in research studies ( 9 ). Both regular and diet soda are dietary waste. Nutr Res. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Not to mention it can cause weight gain, too! I'm so sick of all these "food purity" morons around lately. Mountain Dew is not very healthy, as it has 46g of sugar per can (12 fl oz)that is 38% more sugar than Coca-Cola. They also cause blood sugar levels to spike when a person eats carbohydrates, increasing waist circumference and body fat. Fowler, S. P. G., Williams, K., & Hazuda, H. P. (2015, March 17). There is no such thing as a "keto approved" food. #3. Yanina Pepino, M., Tiemann, C. D., Patterson, B. W., Wice, B. M., & Klein, S. (2013, September). Keeping on top of your fluid intake can help to support your kidneys and keep your other organs healthy, while at the same time stabilizing your glucose levels. What Are the Potential Risks of Drinking Mountain Dew Every Day? This crash in energy levels can lead to a decrease in physical activity, which over time can lead to an increase in body fat. You may not need to cut this out of your diet. Nature. 4. Just because something has no calories or sugar doesnt make it healthy or even beneficial in the long run. Diabetes is a condition that damages the way the body produces or absorbs insulin. This content does not have an Arabic version. Too much of it is not good. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. Mountain Dew Zero contains caffeine, so its important to drink it in moderation. Mountain Dew Zero is an appealing alternative to the original Mountain Dew, but it still contains several ingredients that have the potential to have adverse health effects. (2006). Calorie and sugar-conscious consumers may have noticed some weirdness with the calorie counts for various sizes of Diet Mountain Dew. Not as juicy as diet dew and very bitter aftertaste and coating of the palate. Caffeine is known to increase metabolism, but this effect is very short-lived and can lead to a crash in energy levels and an increase in cravings for sugary and fatty foods. Talk to your endocrinologist about appropriate insulin dosages for different types of alcohol. Small steps, big rewards: Your game plan to prevent type 2 diabetes. Opt for healthier options, such as plain water, herbal tea, or sugar-free beverages that are low in added sugar and artificial sweeteners. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Download the app for iPhone or Android. Conclusion: Mountain Dew Zero Sugar succeeds at removing an obstacle for calorie and sugar-conscious drinkers from Doing the Dew without sacrificing Diet Dew's flavor. It'll be available in 20-ounce bottles ($1.79 each), 2-liter bottles, 12-packs of 12-ounce cans, and a variety of other single and multipack sizes. A 20-ounce bottle of Mountain Dew has 290 calories, 77 grams of sugar and 91 milligrams of caffeine (1). Mountain Dew has been linked to blood sugar problems. Side effects of Mountain Dew are similar to those of any other soda. I now have 2-3 cups a day, which is fine. The waist circumference of participants increased when they drank diet soda for a long period. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. This could allude to how sugary sodas and energy drinks could possibly affect human brains. Caffeine is known to increase metabolism, but this effect is very short-lived and can lead to a crash in energy levels and an increase in cravings for sugary and fatty foods. In the short-term, artificial sweeteners won't raise your blood sugar levels, unlike high intakes of sugar. This crash in energy levels can lead to a decrease in physical activity, which over time can . When it comes to drinking Mountain Dew Zero and heart disease, its best to proceed with caution. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers all of these sweeteners safe when consumed in acceptable amounts. I drink lots of caffeine and don't have any problems. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. So, someone with diabetes could get 45 to 60 grams of . Water is always the best choice, but other good options include vegetable juices and homemade iced teas. National Cancer Institute. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, linked to gut bacteria changes and weight gain, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2190242/pdf/bmj-336-7635-prac-00096.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178426, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065741, http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/01/30/ajcn.112.050997.full.pdf+html, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.13376/pdf, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477.long, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/4/688, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-communication-programs/ndep/health-care-professionals/game-plan/small-steps/Documents/gp_fatcal.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892765/, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/9/2530.